© 2004 Robert A. Freitas Jr. and Ralph C. Merkle. All Rights Reserved.

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2004.

References 3100-3199

3100. A. Delchambre, Computer-Aided Assembly Planning, Chapman and Hall, 1992.

3101. Elisha Sacks, Leo Joskowicz, Ralph Schultheiss, Min-Ho Kyung, “Robust kinematic synthesis of mechanical systems with the configuration space method,” Technical Report of the Leibniz Center, May 2002; http://leibniz.cs.huji.ac.il/tr/acc/2002/HUJI-CSE-LTR-2002-24_musme2002.pdf. See also: Min-Ho Kyung, “Computer-Aided Kinematic Synthesis of Mechanical Systems Using Configuration Space,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, August 2001.

3102. M. Nelson, C. Shipbaugh, “The Potential of Nanotechnology for Molecular Manufacturing,” Document No. MR-615-RC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, 1995; http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR615/

3103. Neil Jacobstein, Ralph Merkle, Robert Freitas, “Balancing the National Nanotechnology Initiative’s R&D Portfolio: A Foresight/IMM White Paper submitted to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 29 May 2002,” Foresight Update, No. 52, 31 August 2003, pp. 1, 14-15; http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update52/Update52.1.html#BalancingNNI or http://www.foresight.org/impact/NNI_White_paper.pdf

3104. Ralph C. Merkle, “Focusing on Assemblers,” Foresight Update, No. 51, 15 April 2003, p. 2.

3105. “System Engineering Definitions,” Centre for Systems Engineering, University College London (UCLse); http://www.ucl.ac.uk/syseng/pages/sedef.html

3106. Chris Phoenix, Eric Drexler, “Safe exponential manufacturing,” Nanotechnology 15(2004):869-872; http://www.iop.org/EJ/news/-topic=763/journal/0957-4484. See also: Paul Rincon, “Nanotech guru turns back on ‘goo’,” BBC News Online UK Edition, 9 June 2004; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3788673.stm; and Liz Kalaugher, “Drexler dubs ‘grey goo’ fears obsolete,” Nanotechweb.org, 9 June 2004; http://www.nanotechweb.org/articles/society/3/6/1/1

3107. Ronald Kotulak, “Science on verge of new ‘Creation’: Labs say they have nearly all the tools to make artificial life,” Sun-Sentinel Tribune, 28 March 2004; http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/local/southflorida/chi-0403280359mar28,0,4395528.story?coll=sfla-home-headlines

3108. Programmable Artificial Cell Evolution (PACE) project; http://wills.gex.gmd.de/bmcmyp/Data/PACE/Public

3109. ProtoLife; http://www.protolife.net

3110. Ludwig Maximilians University, paper to appear in Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. (2004); “DNA has Nano Building in Hand,” Technology Research News, 24 March 2004; http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/rnb_032404.asp

3111. W. Wayt Gibbs, “Synthetic Life,” 26 April 2004; http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0009FCA4-1A8F-1085-94F483414B7F0000

3112. Charles Babbage, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, London, 1864. Excerpted in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, December 1864, pp. 34-39; http://web.archive.org/web/20021106030600/http://www.hexatron.com/Bab/; reprinted as Charles Babbage, Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Dawsons of Pall Mall, London, 1968; and in Martin Campbell-Kelly, ed., Charles Babbage: Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, Rutgers University Press and IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1994.

3113. Jurgen Altmann, “Military uses of nanotechnology: Perspectives and concerns,” Security Dialogue 35(March 2004):61-79.

3114. Rüdiger Haum, Ulrich Petschow, Michael Steinfeldt, Arnim von Gleich, Nanotechnology and Regulation within the Framework of the Precautionary Principle, Schriftenreihe des IÖW 173/04, Berlin, May 2004. (ISBN 3-932092-74-0); http://www.ioew.de/forschungsfelder/publikationen_template.php?id=4392

3115. Nicholas Thompson, “Downsizing. Nanotechnology – Why you should sweat the small stuff,” The Washington Monthly, October 2000; http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2000/0010.thompson.html

3116. David R. Lide, Henry V. Kehiaian, CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.

3117. James C.F. Wang, George S. Springer, “Vibrational relaxation times in some hydrocarbons in the range 300-900oK,” J. Chem. Phys. 59(15 December 1973):6556-6562.

3118. Dwight E. Gray, ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1972.

3119. T.S. Khasanshin, A.P. Shchemelev, “Sound velocity in liquid n-alkanes,” High Temp. 39(2001):60-67.

3120. http://www.e-cats.com/databook/Page%2022.htm

3121. Marek Pyda, “n-Octane, Crystalline Heat Capacity Data,” prediction scheme result on heat capacities of macromolecules, Advanced Thermal Analysis Laboratory, University of Tennessee at Knoxville and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 25 December 1997; http://web.utk.edu/~athas/databank/paraffin/c8/c8expc.html or http://funnelweb.utcc.utk.edu/~athas/databank/paraffin/c8/c8expc.html

3122. Ville Kaajakari, Abhijit, Amit Lal, “A frequency addressable ultrasonic microfluidic actuator array,” 11th Intl. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers ’01 and Eurosensors XV), 10-14 June 2001; http://www.cae.wisc.edu/~sonicmem/research/actuation/transducers01_web.pdf

3123. Ninad Shinde, Rashid Bashir, Eckhard Groll, George Chiu, “Design, fabrication, and heat flow analysis of a mesoscopic pulse tube for integrated micro-refrigeration systems,” 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, November 5th –10th, 2000, Orlando, Florida; http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~bashir/projects/micro_refrigeration.html

3124. Peter Laitenberger, David Pooley, Andrew Stimpson, “Micro electromechanical systems: the reality,” The Generics Group Ltd, 2002; http://www.genericsgroup.com/what/consultancy/mems_wp.pdf.

3125. “Capacitive Pressure Sensor Process,” Zavracky Group, Microfabrication Laboratory at Northeastern University; http://www.ece.neu.edu/edsnu/zavracky/mfl/programs/soi/soi.html

3126. Don C. Abeysinghe, Samhita Dasgupta, Joseph T. Boyd, Howard E. Jackson, “A novel MEMS pressure sensor integrated with an optical fiber,” Paper A7.002, Session A7: MEMS, Nano-scale Physics Applications, American Physical Society March Meeting 2001, Seattle, WA, Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2001; http://www.eps.org/aps/meet/MAR01/baps/abs/S70002.html (abstract).

3127. Ville Kaajakari, Amit Lal, “Pulsed ultrasonic release and assembly of micromachines,” 10th Intl. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, 1999, pp. 212-215.

3128. P.A. Dayton, J.E. Chomas, A.F. Lum, J.S. Allen, J.R. Lindner, S.I. Simon, K.W. Ferrara, “Optical and acoustical dynamics of microbubble contrast agents inside neutrophils,” Biophys. J. 80(March 2001):1547-1556; http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/1547

3129. M.A. Shammari, D.J. Watmough, C.L. Kerr, D.W. Gregory, D.N. Wheatley, “Combined effects of hyperthermia (to 45 degrees C) and ultrasound irradiation on the surface ultrastructure of HeLa cells,” Int. J. Hyperthermia 6(May-June 1990):571-580.

3130. E.C. Unger, T.P. McCreery, R.H. Sweitzer, V.E. Caldwell, Y. Wu, “Acoustically active lipospheres containing paclitaxel: a new therapeutic ultrasound contrast agent,” Invest. Radiol. 33(December 1998):886-892.

3131. D. L. Miller, W. L. Nyborg, “Theoretical investigation of the response of gas-filled micropores and cavitation nuclei to ultrasound,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73(May 1983):1537-1544.

3132. D.L. Miller, E.A. Neppiras, “On the oscillation mode of gas-filled micropores,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77(March 1985):946-953.

3133. D.L. Miller, “Frequency relationships for ultrasonic activation of free microbubbles, encapsulated microbubbles, and gas-filled micropores,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104(October 1998):2498-2505.

3134. S.A. Chesnokov, V.A. Nalimova, A.G. Rinzler, R.E. Smalley, J.E. Fischer, “Mechanical energy storage in carbon nanotube springs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(1999):343-346.

3135. Phillip F. Schewe, Ben Stein, and James Riordon, “Physics News Update,” The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News 531, 22 March 2001; http://newton.ex.ac.uk/aip/physnews.531.html

3136. J. Li, C. Papadopoulos, J.M. Xu., “Highly-ordered carbon nanotube arrays for electronics applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(19 July 1999):367.

3137. Flavio Noca, Michael Hoenk, Brian Hunt, Petros Koumoutsakos, Jens Walther, Thomas Werder, “Bio-inspired acoustic sensors based on artificial stereocilia,” Acoustical Society of America meeting, 5 December 2000, Newport Beach; http://asa.aip.org/web2/asa/abstracts/search.dec00/asa183.html

3138. Alan Hall, “The sound of one cell growing,” Business Week Online, 2 January 2001; http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2001/nf2001012_818.htm

3139. P.A. Tesner, T.D. Snegireva, L.M. Borodina, “Explosive decomposition of acetylene at atmospheric pressure,” Fizika Goreniya I Vzryva 9(January-February 1973):111-115.

3140. Julius A. Nieuwland, Richard R. Vogt, The Chemistry of Acetylene, Reinhold Publ. Co., New York, 1945.

3141. Thomas F. Rutledge, Acetylenic Compounds: Preparation and Substitution Reactions, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, 1968.

3142. M.F. Shostakovskii, A.V. Bogdanova, The Chemistry of Diacetylenes, Wiley, New York, 1974.

3143. H.J. Cantow, ed., Polydiacetylenes, Springer, Berlin, 1984; R.R. Chance, ed., Polydiacetylenes, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1985.

3144. H. Shirakawa, T. Ito, S. Ikeda, Polym. J. 4(1973):460; T.S. Liang, K. Akagi, H. Shirakawa, “Synthesis of polyacetylene ultra-thin film,” Synth. Metals 101(1999):67-68.

3145. A.N. Oraevskii, V.P. Pimenov, A.A. Stepanov, V.A. Shcheglov, “Laser polymerization in gases,” Sov. J. Quant. Electron. 4(November 1974):711-712.

3146. K. Aoki, S. Usuba, M. Yoshida, Y. Kakudate, K. Tanaka, S. Fujiwara, “Raman study of the solid-state polymerization of acetylene at high pressure,” J. Chem. Phys. 89(1 July 1988):529-534.

3147. Mami Sakashita, Hiroshi Yamawaki, Katsutoshi Aoki, “FT-IR study of the solid state polymerization of acetylene under pressure,” J. Phys. Chem. 100(1996):9943-9947.

3148. M. Bernasconi, G.L. Chiarotti, P. Focher, M. Parrinello, E. Tosatti, “Solid-state polymerization of acetylene under pressure: ab initio simulation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(10 March 1997):2008-2011.

3149. Matteo Ceppatelli, Mario Santoro, Roberto Bini, Vincenzo Schettino, “Fourier transform infrared study of the pressure and laser induced polymerization of solid acetylene,” J. Chem. Phys. 113(8 October 2000):5991-6000.

3150. Edwin J. Hart, Christian-Herbert Fischer, Arnim Henglein, “Pyrolysis of acetylene in sonolytic cavitation bubbles in aqueous solution,” J. Phys. Chem. 94(1990):284-290.

3151. Kenneth S. Suslick, John J. Gawlenowski, Paul F. Schubert, Hau H. Wang, “Alkane sonochemistry,” J. Phys. Chem. 87(1983):2299-2301; Ultrasonics 23(January 1984)33-36.

3152. Kenneth S. Suslick, Edward B. Flint, “Sonoluminescence from non-aqueous liquids,” Nature 330(10 December 1987):553-555.

3153. A.A. Atchley, L.A. Crum, in K.S. Suslick, ed., Ultrasound, Its Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects, VCH Publishers, New York, 1988, p. 1.

3154. S.M. Reddy, J.P. Jones, T.J. Lewis, “The coexistence of pressure waves in the operation of quartz-crystal shear-wave sensors,” J. Appl. Phys. 83(1 March 1998):2524-2532.

3155. Michelle L. Gee, Patricia M. McGuiggan, Jacob N. Israelachvili, “Liquid to solidlike transitions of molecularly thin films under shear,” J. Chem. Phys. 93(1 August 1990):1895-1906.

3156. R.P. Benedict, Fundamentals of Pipe Flow, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980.

3157. Y.C. Fung, Biodynamics: Circulation, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

3158. Osborne Reynolds, “An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 174(1883):935-982.

3159. Edward M. Purcell, “Life at low Reynolds number,” Amer. J. Phys. 45(1977):3-11; http://brodylab.eng.uci.edu/~jpbrody/reynolds/lowpurcell.html

3160. George M. Whitesides, Abraham D. Stroock, “Fluid mechanics in microchannels,” Physics Today 54(June 2001):42-; http://www.physicstoday.com/pt/vol-54/iss-6/captions/p42box2.html

3161. Robert C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 49th Edition, CRC, Cleveland OH, 1968.

3162. Robert H. Austin, James P. Brody, R. Goldstein, Paul Yager, “Biotechnology at low Reynolds numbers,” Biophys. J. (December 1996); http://publish.aps.org/eprint/gateway/epget/aps1996jul26_001/main.pdf

3163. G.K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1967.

3164. Jean-Louis Barrat, Lyderic Bocquet, “Hydrodynamic boundary conditions and correlation functions of confined fluids,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 70(1993):2726-2729.

3165. Martin Schnorf, Ingo Potrykus, Gunther Neuhaus, “Microinjection technique: Routine system for characterization of microcapillaries by bubble pressure measurement,” Experimental Cell Research 210(1994):260-267.

3166. Robert E. Tuzun, Donald W. Noid, Bobby G. Sumpter, Ralph C. Merkle, “Dynamics of fluid flow inside carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology 7(1996):241-246.

3167. Robert E. Tuzun, Donald W. Noid, Bobby G. Sumpter, Ralph C. Merkle, “Dynamics of He/C60 flow inside carbon nanotubes,” Nanotechnology 8(1997):112-118.

3168. R.D. Groot, N.M. Faber, J.P. van der Eerden, “Hard sphere fluids near a hard wall and a hard cylinder,” Molec. Phys. 62(November 1987):861-874.

3169. Jee-Ching Wang, Kristen A. Fichthorn, “Effects of chain branching on the structure of interfacial films of decane isomers,” J. Chem. Phys. 108(22 January 1998):1653-1663.

3170. Paz Padilla, Soren Toxvaerd, “Fluid alkanes in confined geometries,” J. Chem. Phys. 101(15 July 1994):1490-1502.

3171. S. Toxvaerd, “Molecular dynamics calculation of the equation of state of alkanes,” J. Chem. Phys. 93(15 September 1990):4290-4295.

3172. P. Padilla, S. Toxvaerd, “Self-diffusion in n-alkane fluid models,” J. Chem. Phys. 94(15 April 1991):5650-5654.

3173. S. Gupta, D.C. Koopman, G.B. Westermann-Clark, I.A. Bitsanis, “Segmental dynamics and relaxation of n-octane at solid-liquid interfaces,” J. Chem. Phys. 100(1 June 1994):8444-8453.

3174. S.T. Cui, P.T. Cummings, H.D. Cochran, “Molecular dynamics simulation of the rheological and dynamical properties of a model alkane fluid under confinement,” J. Chem. Phys. 111(15 July 1999):1273-1280.

3175. T.K. Xia, Jian Quyang, M.W. Ribarsky, U. Landman, “Interfacial alkane films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69(28 September 1992):1967-1970.

3176. D.C. Koopman, S. Gupta, R.K. Ballamudi, G.B. Westermann-Clark, I.A. Bitsanis, “Structural patterns and molecular mobility inside the interface between an fcc solid and liquid n-octane,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 49(1994):2907-2920.

3177. P. Smith, R.M. Lynden-Bell, J.C. Earnshaw, W. Smith, “The surface ordered phase of liquid heptadecane: a simulation study,” Molec. Phys. 96(January 1999):249-257.

3178. Marjolein Dijkstra, “Confined thin films of linear and branched alkanes,” J. Chem. Phys. 107(22 August 1997):3277-3288.

3179. R.K. Ballamudi, I.A. Bitsanis, “Energetically driven liquid-solid transitions in molecularly thin n-octane films,” J. Chem. Phys. 105(1 November 1996):7774-7782.

3180. Yantse Wang, Kirk Hill, Jonathan G. Harris, “Confined thin films of a linear and branched octane. A comparison of the structure and solvation forces using molecular dynamics simulations,” J. Chem. Phys. 100(15 February 1994):3276-3285.

3181. Yantse Wang, Kirk Hill, Jonathan Harris, “Thin films of n-octane confined between parallel solid surfaces. Structure and adhesive forces vs. film thickness from molecular dynamics simulations,” J. Phys. Chem. 97(2 September 1993):9013-9021.

3182. Yantse Wang, Kirk Hill, Jonathan Harris, “Comparison of branched and linear octanes in the surface force apparatus. A molecular dynamics study,” Langmuir 9(August 1993):1983-1985.

3183. I.K. Snook, W. van Megan, “Solvation forces in simple dense fluids,” J. Chem. Phys. 72(1 March 1980):2907-2913.

3184. M. Schoen, D.J. Diestler, J.H. Cushman, “Fluids in micropores. I. Structure of a simple classical fluid in a slit pore,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(1 November 1987):5464-5476.

3185. Jianping Gao, W.D. Luedtke, Uzi Landman, “Structure and solvation forces in confined films: linear and branched alkanes,” J. Chem. Phys. 106(8 March 1997):4309-4318.

3186. C.L. Rhykerd, Jr., M. Schoen, D.J. Diestler, J.H. Cushman, “Epitaxy in simple classical fluids in micropores and near-solid surfaces,” Nature 330(3 December 1987):461-463.

3187. Ryan Y. Jin, Kihyung Song, William L. Hase, “Molecular dynamics simulations of the structures of alkane/hydroxylated ?-Al2O3(0001) interfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. 104(2000):2692-2701.

3188. Bogdan Bilinski, “Free surface energy changes in graphite/n-hexadecane system,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 18(November 1987):231-244.

3189. H.-C. Chang, J.-C. Lin, “Structure and bonding of C2H2 on diamond C(111)-1x1:H: Infrared spectroscopy and exciton calculations,” J. Phys. Chem. 100(1996):7018-7025.

3190. R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili, “Direct measurement of structural forces between two surfaces in a nonpolar liquid,” J. Chem. Phys. 75(1 August 1981):1400-1411.

3191. S.J. O’Shea, M.E. Welland, T. Rayment, “Solvation forces near a graphite surface measured with an atomic force microscope,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60(11 May 1992):2356-2358.

3192. H.K. Christenson, R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili, “Measurement of forces due to structure in hydrocarbon liquids,” J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 88(July 1982):79-88.

3193. Hugo K. Christenson, “Experimental measurements of solvation forces in nonpolar liquids,” J. Chem. Phys. 78(1 June 1983):6906-6913.

3194. H.K. Christenson, D.W.R. Gruen, R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachvili, “Structuring in liquid alkanes between solid surfaces: Force measurements and mean-field theory,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(1 August 1987):1834-1841.

3195. Jacob N. Israelachvili, Stephen J. Kott, Michelle L. Gee, Thomas A. Witten, “Forces between mica surfaces across hydrocarbon liquids: Effects of branching and polydispersity,” Macromolecules 22(1989):4247-4253.

3196. Michelle L. Gee, Jacob N. Israelachvili, “Interactions of surfactant monolayers across hydrocarbon liquids,” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86(1990):4049-4058.

3197. John Peanasky, Lenore L. Cai, Steve Granick, Carl R. Kessel, “Nanorheology of confined polymer melts. 3. Weakly adsorbing surfaces,” Langmuir 10(1994):3874-3879.

3198. R.G. Horn, J.N. Israelachivili, E. Perez, “Forces due to structure in a thin liquid crystal film,” J. Phys. 42(January 1981):39-52.

3199. Jacob N. Israelachvili, Stephen J. Kott, Michelle L. Gee, Thomas A. Witten, “Entropic orientational forces between surfaces in anisotropic liquids,” Langmuir 5(1989):1111-1113.

Last updated on 1 August 2005